Railroad Crossings
15 artifacts in this set
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Car Stopped by Guard at Railroad Crossing, August 1939
Photographic print
Before automated signals became common, the busiest railroad crossings were protected by railroad employees. A person was stationed at the crossing and, when necessary, manually activated a signal or a gate, or perhaps simply waved a flag, a sign or a lantern, to warn approaching road traffic. A small booth protected the signal person from inclement weather.
Railroad Crossing, Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railroad, Oak Street, Wyandotte, Michigan, June 1926
Photographic print
Apart from eliminating it altogether, the safest way to protect a railroad crossing is with movable gates. The earliest gates, introduced around 1870, were hand-operated by an employee stationed at the crossing. Automated gates first appeared in the 1930s. Four-quadrant gates completely block off the road, while more common two-quadrant gates block each lane only in the direction of travel.
Railroad Crossing Signal, September 1924
Photographic print
Wigwag railroad crossing signals -- named for the way they swing back and forth when activated -- first appeared around 1914. Their waving action simulated the motion of a lantern being swung back and forth -- long a signal for "stop" on American railroads. Typically, wigwags were driven by a pair of electromagnets that alternately pulled and released the pendulum.
Railroad Crossing Warning Signal, Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railroad, July 1926
Photographic print
The first automated, flashing red light railroad crossing signal appeared around 1913. The flashing lights mimicked the motion of a lantern being swung back and forth -- long a signal for "stop" on American railroads. The X-shaped crossbuck sign, in wide use by 1900, was inspired by the skull and crossbones -- a universal symbol for danger.
Railroad Crossing Signal Light Control Box, Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railroad, November 1926
Photographic print
Automatic railroad crossing signals are controlled through an electrical relay in the railroad track. A low-voltage electric current is sent between the two rails via a series of relays like the ones in this photo. When a train approaches, the current runs through the train's metal wheels and axles instead of the relays. This "short circuit" activates the crossing signal.
Railroad Crossing, Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railroad, December 1925
Photographic print
Busy railroad crossings were protected by a signal person or -- later -- automated warning devices. Quieter crossings -- those on little-used branch lines or spurs, or over lightly traveled rural roads -- might only be marked with a sign. Designs varied by railroad company, but most used an X-shaped sign with a message like "Stop, Look and Listen" or "Look Out for the Cars."
Railroad Crossing, Wyandotte, Michigan, Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railroad, October 1925
Photographic print
Railroad crossing warning signs weren't standardized in the United States until 1949. Before that, designs varied by railroad company, though most tended to share some common features. X-shaped signs, eye-catching stripes, and supplementary messages like "Stop, Look and Listen" or "Look Out for the Cars" were all widely used.
Railroad Crossing Signal Lights, Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railroad, November 1926
Photographic print
Blind curves -- whether on the railroad, the road, or both -- added another element of danger to a railroad crossing. Crossings like this were some of the first to be protected with automated warning devices. The lights and bells on these signs were activated whenever an approaching train tripped an electrical relay wired to the track.
Railroad Crossing, Wyandotte, Michigan, Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railroad, October 1925
Photographic print
Multiple-track railroad crossings, where a roadway crosses more than one railroad track, are particularly dangerous. A train on or near the crossing on one track can block motorists' view of another train approaching the crossing on a different track. Crossings like this were some of the first to be protected with automated warning devices and gates.
Automobile Waiting at Railroad Crossing for Train to Cross the Road, December 1927
Photographic print
The automobile's growing popularity in the early 20th century brought an increase in railroad crossing accidents. A car-train collision put the auto's occupants at serious risk, but it could also be hazardous to railroad crews and passengers if the heavy car derailed the train. Railroads and highway departments sponsored public safety campaigns warning motorists of the danger.
Railroad Crossing, Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railroad, April 1927
Photographic print
For as long as trains and automobiles have coexisted, some motorists have felt the need to "race" a train to the crossing. Some early magazine advertisements encouraged the practice, showing daring drivers outrunning speeding express trains. Few habits are so dangerous. A speeding train can take more than a mile to stop. Even in a tie, the motorist loses.
Railroad Crossing Warning Sign, March 1925
Photographic print
Grade crossings between railroads and public roadways in the United States are generally marked in two locations. The crossing itself is marked by the X-shaped "Railroad Crossing" sign, sometimes supplemented by flashing lights or gates. An advance warning sign, like this one, is placed anywhere from 225 to 1,350 feet ahead of the crossing, depending on the road's speed limit.
Railroad Crossing Flash Signal, Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railroad, March 1925
Photographic print
In the United States, locomotive engineers must sound a specific sequence of horn or whistle blasts when approaching most road crossings: two long blasts, one short, and one more long. Railroads frequently placed a whistle post, like this one, along the track about one-quarter mile before a crossing to notify the engineer when to use the horn.
Automobile Crossing Tracks Behind a Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis Railway Freight Car, April 1927
Photographic print
The driver of a Ford Model T waits for a loaded hopper car to clear a railroad crossing in this 1927 photograph. The brakeman, riding on the hopper, is blowing a whistle to warn the motorist. Lightly used spur tracks like this often lacked railroad crossing signs, lights or gates. Railroad crews and drivers both had to be cautious.
Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railroad Overpass, 1926
Photographic print
One way to make a railroad crossing safer was to eliminate it altogether. Overpasses separated trains from automobiles, but they were expensive to build and required extensive regrading of either the railroad or the roadway -- and sometimes both. As a result, overpasses tended to be built only at the busiest crossings.